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The history of the Middle East is a rich and complex tapestry, spanning millennia and influencing global civilization. From the cradles of ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt, through the rise of major religions and empires such as the Sasanian, Byzantine, and Ottoman, to the transformative events of the 20th and 21st centuries, it encompasses a vast array of cultural, political, and social developments. Understanding this pivotal region's past is crucial for comprehending contemporary global dynamics.